Parcel-level modeling of end-use water demands in public supply

作者：Morales Miguel^*; Martin Jacqueline; Heaney James; Friedman Kenneth

来源：Journal American Water Works Association, 2013, 105(8): 57-58.

Current methodologies to estimate urban water end uses are largely limited to macro-level analyses that rely heavily on average values. These approaches might offer reasonable estimates in the aggregate, but they fail to differentiate between water users and end-use devices. In order to target customers for water conservation, this article presents a methodology by which to carry out an end-use inventory to arrive at the number, water use efficiency, and frequency of use of water end-use devices at the parcel level for four single-family, five multifamily, and 55 commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII) public supply sectors. Such a detailed inventory provides a better understanding of water use and facilitates the evaluation of savings and targeting of individual end-use retrofits associated with water conservation practices based on cost-effectiveness. The seven modeled end uses are male-only toilets, mixed-use toilets, urinals, faucets, showerheads, clothes washers, and prerinse spray valves.

• 出版日期2013-8