DIRAS2 is Associated with Adult ADHD, Related Traits, and Co-Morbid Disorders

作者：Reif Andreas^*; Nguyen T Trang; Weissflog Lena; Jacob Christian P; Romanos Marcel; Renner Tobias J; Buttenschon Henriette N; Kittel Schneider Sarah; Gessner Alexandra; Weber Heike; Neuner Maria; Gross Lesch Silke; Zamzow Karin; Kreiker Susanne; Walitza Susanne; Meyer Jobst; Freitag Christine M; Bosch Rosa; Casas Miquel; Gomez Nuria; Ribases Marta; Bayes Monica; Buitelaar Jan K; Kiemeney Lambertus A L M; Kooij J J Sandra; Kan Cees C; Hoogman Martine

来源：Neuropsychopharmacology, 2011, 36(11): 2318-2327.

DOI：10.1038/npp.2011.120

• adult ADHD
• linkage
• genome-wide association
• ras pathway
• association study
• bipolar disorder

Several linkage analyses implicated the chromosome 9q22 region in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental disease with remarkable persistence into adulthood. This locus contains the brain-expressed GTP-binding RAS-like 2 gene (DIRAS2) thought to regulate neurogenesis. As DIRAS2 is a positional and functional ADHD candidate gene, we conducted an association study in 600 patients suffering from adult ADHD (aADHD) and 420 controls. Replication samples consisted of 1035 aADHD patients and 1381 controls, as well as 166 families with a child affected from childhood ADHD. Given the high degree of co-morbidity with ADHD, we also investigated patients suffering from bipolar disorder (BD) (n = 336) or personality disorders (PDs) (n = 622). Twelve single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering the structural gene and the transcriptional control region of DIRAS2 were analyzed. Four SNPs and two haplotype blocks showed evidence of association with ADHD, with nominal p-values ranging from p = 0.006 to p = 0.05. In the adult replication samples, we obtained a consistent effect of rs1412005 and of a risk haplotype containing the promoter region (p = 0.026). Meta-analysis resulted in a significant common OR of 1.12 (p = 0.04) for rs1412005 and confirmed association with the promoter risk haplotype (OR = 1.45, p = 0.0003). Subsequent analysis in nuclear families with childhood ADHD again showed an association of the promoter haplotype block (p = 0.02). rs1412005 also increased risk toward BD (p = 0.026) and cluster B PD (p = 0.031). Additional SNPs showed association with personality scores (p = 0.008-0.048). Converging lines of evidence implicate genetic variance in the promoter region of DIRAS2 in the etiology of ADHD and co-morbid impulsive disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology (2011) 36, 2318-2327; doi:10.1038/npp.2011.120; published online 13 July 2011

• 出版日期2011-10
• 单位河北医科大学