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摘要
In order to better constrain the viscosity (g) of high-silica rhyolite at low to moderate water contents (X), which represent water saturation at near-surface pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions, we made 211 viscosity measurements on Mono Craters rhyolites containing between 0.01 and 1.2 wt.% H2O, at temperatures between 796 and 1774 K using parallel plate and concentric cylinder methods at atmospheric pressure. We then developed and calibrated a new empirical model for the rhyolitic melt viscosity, where non-linear variations due to temperature (T), and water content (X) are nested within linear and exponential dependencies of logg on pressure (P). The model was fitted to a total of 691 data points including published data on rhyolites, granites and haplogranites. The significance of model parameters was evaluated at the 95% confidence level. The model is simple enough for use in numerical models of conduit or lava flow dynamics: log eta = 4.40 vertical bar 11609 -1248 ln (w + 0.17)/T (140.1 62.3 ln (w vertical bar 0.17)) -P (0.00082 + 0.000051w - 0.95/T where eta is viscosity in Pa s, w is water content in wt.%, P is pressure in MPa and T is temperature in K. The root mean square error (RMSE) between the model and the 691 data points used in calibration is 0.43 log units, and analysis of the residuals shows that the model fits all modeled regions of P-T-X (H2O) space to a similar degree of quality. In both regards, the new model outperforms previous models for rhyolite viscosity. Multi-level modeling enabled us to show that higher temperatures and higher water contents both independently favor a more negative pressure-dependence of viscosity. The model suggests that the effect of pressure on viscosity undergoes a transition from a positive to a negative effect as temperatures rise above similar to 1175 K for anhydrous rhyolites, and above similar to 865 K for melts containing 5 wt.% H2O. We validated the model by examination of the few published viscosity data where P is varied but T and X(H2O) remain approximately constant. Experimental constraints have led to spurious correlations between P, T, X(H2O) and eta in viscosity datasets, so that models may struggle to correctly resolve the individual effects of P, T and X(H2O), and especially their cross-correlations.
- 出版日期2015-12-1
