Analysis of opioid efficacy, tolerance, addiction and dependence from cell culture to human

作者：Morgan Michael M; Christie MacDonald J^*

来源：British Journal of Pharmacology, 2011, 164(4): 1322-1334.

DOI：10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01335.x

• analgesia
• opioid
• morphine
• opioid signalling
• withdrawal
• opioid efficacy
• mu-receptor

Opioid agonists are the most effective treatment for pain, but their use is limited by side effects, tolerance and fears of addiction and dependence. A major goal of opioid research is to develop agonists that have high analgesic efficacy and a low profile for side effects, tolerance, addiction and dependence. Unfortunately, there is a serious lack of experimental data comparing the degree to which different opioids produce these effects in humans. In contrast, a wide range of experimental techniques from heterologous expression systems to behaviour assessment in whole animals have been developed to study these problems. The objective of this review is to describe and evaluate these techniques as they are used to study opioid efficacy, tolerance, addiction and dependence.

• 出版日期2011-10