Degradative fate of 3-chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole in soil

作者：Troebs Lisa; Henkelmann Bernhard; Lenoir Dieter; Reischl Arthur; Schramm Karl Werner^*

来源：Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2011, 18(4): 547-555.

DOI：10.1007/s11356-010-0393-0

• Chlorocarbazoles
• Degradative fate
• Environment
• Toxicological potential
• Stereoselectivity in chlorination
• DFT-calculations

Background, aim, and scope 3-Chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole were isolated from Bavarian soils. The stereospecific formation of the isomers of these chlorinated carbazols can be explained by quantum mechanical calculations using the DFT method. It was shown that chlorination of carbazole and 3-chlorocarbazole respectively is preferred via the sigma-complexes 3-chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole as the most stable products. The dioxin-like toxicological potential of 3,6-dichlorocarbazole, determined by the Micro-EROD Test, is in the range of some picogram TCDD equivalents per milligram carbazole. The degradative fate of 3-chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole was analysed within a long-term study (57 days) in soil.
Materials and methods The soil was extracted by ASE (accelerated solvent extraction) and a further clean-up procedure with column chromatography and chromatography with C18-SPE stationary phases. Quantification of 3-chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole was performed employing the isotope-dilution method. The samples were measured with high-resolution GC/MS.
Results The degradation (ln(c/c(0)) vs. time with best-fit line) showed in almost every storage condition a very small degradation (slopes (h(-1)) in -10(-4) range). However, the decay for the controls were two to three times (-28A degrees C) and six times (with sodium azide) higher, than the decrease of 3-chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole in the samples of environmental conditions.
Discussion Especially because of the toxicological potential of 3-chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole the proven degradative fate is of large interest. The results show that the analysed carbazoles are not readily degradable in this time period.
Conclusions The expected results of exponential decay behaviour could not be proven.
Recommendation and perspectives Longer-lasting studies are expected to reveal more accurate half-lives, although it has been shown here, that the compounds are not readily degradable in their native soil environment.

• 出版日期2011-5