An Evaluation of a Mental Toughness Education and Training Program for Early-Career English Football League Referees

作者：Slack Liam A^*; Maynard Ian W; Butt Joanne; Olusoga Peter

来源：The Sport Psychologist, 2015, 29(3): 237-257.

DOI：10.1123/tsp.2014-0015

• mental toughness development
• elite football officiating
• situational stress inoculation training
• behavioral modelling
• objective performance measures

The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a Mental Toughness Education and Training Program (MTETP) in elite football officiating. The MTETP consisted of four individual and two group-based workshops designed to develop mental toughness (MT) and enhance performance in three English Football League (EFL) referees. Adopting a single-subject, multiple-baseline-across-participants design, MT and referee-assessor reports were evaluated. Self and coach-ratings of MT highlighted an instant and continued improvement in all three referees during the intervention phases. Performance reports of all referees improved throughout the intervention phases compared with the baseline phase. Social validation data indicated that an array of strategies within the MTETP facilitated MT development. Discussions acknowledge theoretical and practical implications relating to the continued progression of MT interventions in elite sport.

• 出版日期2015-9