科研之友
微信
新浪微博
Facebook
分享链接
摘要
This paper provides water data of pressure drop, heat transfer, and long-term cooling tower fouling in seven 15.54 mm inside diameter copper internally helically ribbed tubes and one smooth tube. The tests were performed at low water velocity (1.07 m/s), Re = 16000, and ppm = 800. The Prandtl analogy was used to obtain the mass transfer coefficient to develop appropriate semi-theoretical fouling correlations, which can assess the fouling potential in actual cooling water situations. A water quality survey sampling 26 sites located throughout the continental United States and southern Canada was conducted. The collected samples were analyzed for total hardness, calcium, magnesium, alkalinity, chloride, silica, sulfate, phosphate, and orthophosphate concentration, as well as conductivity. Significant fouling in the tubes may result in a large increase of energy penalty at the end of a cooling season in high hardness as specified in the water quality survey.
