Automatic transformation from TIDES to TimeML annotation

作者：Saquete Estela^*; Pustejovsky James

来源：Language Resources and Evaluation, 2011, 45(4): 495-523.

DOI：10.1007/s10579-011-9147-y

• TimeML
• Temporal information
• Event ordering
• Temporal expressions
• Temporal expression recognition
• Temporal expression normalization
• Natural Language Processing
• Annotation schemes
• Temporal reasoning

Until recently, most systems performing temporal extraction and reasoning from text have focused on recognizing and normalizing temporal expressions alone, for which the TIDES annotation scheme has been adopted. Temporal awareness of a text, however, involves not only identifying the temporal expressions, but the events which these expressions anchor, as well as other events which must be ordered relative to them. Because of these broader concerns, TimeML has been developed as an annotation specification that encompasses not only temporal expressions, but all temporally relevant aspects of a text. The annotation schemes, however, are not interchangeable, resulting in incompatible corpora and accompanying extraction algorithms for each standard. In this paper, we describe an automatic migration process from the TIMEX2 tags of TIDES to the TIMEX3 tags of TimeML. This transformation procedure has been implemented and evaluated with two different corpora, obtaining 93.3 and 89.2% overall F-Measure respectively.

• 出版日期2011-12