科研之友
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摘要
Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) have been used as biological indicators of Plant Protection Products (PPPs) in two intensely cultivated river areas of Campania Region (South Italy), Sarno and Volturno. Three areas were chosen for each site to place the monitoring stations, each consisting of two hives with colonies in good health, uniform strength and provided with "underbasket" cages for the collection of dead bees. All beehives were monitored continuously for the entire survey period (May to December 2006), also from the sanitary point of view. In addition to the counting of dead bees, we evaluated the strength of the family, the presence of diseases. The main crops in the plain of the Volturno were maize, wheat, orchard (mainly peach), tobacco, broad bean, clover, rape, cabbage and sugar beet. In the area of Sarno vegetables in both greenhouse and open field were predominant (melon, courgette, lettuce, salad rocket, green bean, onion, sweet pepper, chili pepper, turnip, tomato and fennel), followed by fruit (persimmon and hazelnut). Woodlands and extensive urbanized areas were also surveyed. The critical threshold of mortality (250 dead bees per station per week), was totally exceeded for 53 times and 40 samples were subjected to chemical and palynological analysis: 18 coming from the Volturno area and 22 from the Sarno. Overall, 80% of these (32) were positive to the presence of at least one pesticide residue. The active ingredients found were all organophosphorus, except in one case (cypermethrin), and were detected mainly between May and July in the plain of the Volturno (Caserta) and in the period from July to September in three stations of Sarno (Salerno). The chlorpyrifos-ethyl was the active substance most frequently found in 40 analyzed samples (32% of residues), followed by fenitrothion (20.7%), pirimiphos-methyl (18.8%) and dimethoate (11.3%). Surveys and analysis carried out, including those palynological, show that most of the mortalities were caused by the improper use of PPPs such erroneous treatments during flowering, the non-mowing of the native flora and the treatment performed in the presence of wind with a resulting drift effect. One sample of bees, obtained by mixing the bees collected in three stations of Volturno and one sample of wax from one station of Volturno (Cancello ed Arnone), were analyzed during the investigation, to detect the presence of dioxins. While in the bee sample the level of dioxins was below the detection limit, in the wax sample a 2.55 mg I-TEF/Kg x 10(-6) residue was found. Since no reference values for the wax exist, in order to interpret this result we can consider that in groundwater the maximum acceptable value is 4.0 x 10(-6), while in animal fat, as well as in milk and dairy, is 2.0 x 10(-6) mg I-TEF/Kg.
- 出版日期2014-6
