Assessing the extirpative quality of a radical prostatectomy technique: categorisation and mapping of technical errors

作者：Barre Christian^*; Thoulouzan Matthieu; Aillet Genevieve; Nguyen Jean Michel

来源：BJU International, 2014, 114(4): 522-531.

DOI：10.1111/bju.12467

• prostate cancer
• radical prostatectomy
• positive margin
• quality control

Objective
To examine the extirpative quality of an open radical prostatectomy (RP) technique by first categorising and mapping all intraprostatic incisions into benign tissue and then determining a cumulative technical error rate given by all intraprostatic incisions into benign and malignant tissue.
Patients and Methods
We performed a retrospective review of prospectively collected data relating to 1065 men with clinically localised prostate cancer who underwent open retropubic RP (70.6% nerve-sparing surgery [NSS]) by a single surgeon (January 2005 to December 2011).
We recorded all intraprostatic incisions: (i) iatrogenic positive surgical margins (PSMs), (ii) deep or superficial benign capsular incisions (BCIs), (iii) incisions into benign prostate glands at the prostate apex or bladder neck (benign glandular tissue incisions [BGTIs]), and determined incision location, length and nature (solitary/multiple).
We evaluated: (i) associations between benign incisions, NSS and PSMs, (ii) significant predictors for PSM risk by multivariate analysis, (iii) postoperative biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival (Kaplan-Meier method).
Results
Intraprostatic incision rates were 2.3% pT2 PSMs, 6.0% BCIs and 5.4% BGTIs. There were slight variations in rate over time and with NSS technique. Benign incisions were located as follows: 46.8% right posterolateral, 37.5% left posterolateral, and 15.7% bilateral for BCIs; 58.6% bladder neck and 41.4% apical for BGTIs.
The median (range) incision length, for solitary and multiple incisions respectively, was 4 (1-13) and 9 (2-25) mm for BCIs and 1 (1-5) and 2 (2-6) mm for BGTIs.
BCI rate, but not BGTI rate, was significantly associated with NSS (P = 0.004) and PSM (P = 0.005), and increased PSM risk 3.6-fold.
A PSM increased BCR risk two-fold (odds ratio 2.078, 95% confidence interval 1.383-3.122).
BCR-free survival decreased significantly even for short PSMs (= 1 mm*; P < 0.001). *[Correction added on 29 January 2014, after first online publication: less than was changed to less than or equal to.]
Conclusions
Although the pT2 PSM rate was low (2.3%), the cumulative technical error rate (patients with at least one pT2 PSM, BCI or BGTI) was five-fold higher (12.5%).
Categorising and mapping intraprostatic incisions is a tool surgeons can use in self-audits to identify areas of potential improvement, reduce errors, and improve surgical skills.

• 出版日期2014-10