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摘要
The diurnal variations of ground-level ozone (O-3) concentrations along a gradient of three major port cities (Klang, Perai, and Pasir Gudang) in Malaysia were evaluated. Annual monitoring records (2009) of O-3, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM10) were obtained. Weather-influencing parameters such as incoming solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were also analyzed. Although an overwhelming majority (99.9 %) of the recorded data are below the prescribed levels in the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (MAAQG), a number of exceedances (0.1 %) (> 100 ppb) have been recorded in Klang and Pasir Gudang. The annual hourly average concentrations of O-3 were 20.3 +/- 18.2, 15.4 +/- 15.8, and 14.4 +/- 13.1 ppb for Klang, Perai, and Pasir Gudang, respectively. The diurnal cycles of ground-level O-3 concentrations and cluster analysis suggest that a unimodal peak occurs between 1 p.m. and 3 p.m., and the highest O-3 concentrations were observed during the first quarter of 2009 as a result of the higher rate of local photochemical production. Results of principal component analysis showed that the contributions to O-3 level variation by meteorological variables (UVB, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed) are higher at 47.7, 39.5, and 18.2 % than those of primary air pollutants (NOx, CO, SO2, PM10) at 28.9, 32.6, and 45 % for Perai, Pasir Gudang, and Klang, respectively. The exposure of the population in the three port cities to the elevated levels of ozone during January-May months validated the increasing threat and risks that ozone presents to humans. Result indicated that the concentration of O-3 in the three ports was still below the maximum permissible values prescribed by the MAAQG, and expansion in shipping industries is possible in exaggerating O-3 problems especially in Klang.
- 出版日期2016-2
