科研之友
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摘要
Animals often increase their fitness by moving across space in response to temporal variation in habitat quality and resource availability, and as a result of intra and inter-specific interactions. The long-term persistence of populations and even whole species depends on the collective patterns of individual movements, yet animal movements have been poorly studied at the landscape level. We quantified movement behavior within four native species of Hawaiian forest birds in a complex lava-fragmented landscape: Hawai?i amakihi Chlorodrepanis virens, omao Myadestes obscurus, apapane Himatione sanguinea, and iiwi Drepanis coccinea. We evaluated the relative importance of six potential intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of movement behavior and patch fidelity: 1) forest fragment size, 2) the presence or absence of invasive rats (Rattus sp.), 3) season, 4) species, 5) age, and 6) sex. The study was conducted across a landscape of 34 forest fragments varying in size from 0.07 to 12.37 ha, of which 16 had rats removed using a treatment-control design. We found the largest movements in the nectivorous apapane and iiwi, intermediate levels in the generalist Hawai?i amakihi, and shortest average movement for the omao, a frugivore. We found evidence for larger patch sizes increasing patch fidelity only in the omao, and an effect of rat-removal increasing patch fidelity of Hawai?i amakihi only after two years of rat-removal. Greater movement during the non-breeding season was observed in all species, and season was an important factor in explaining higher patch fidelity in the breeding season for apapane and iiwi. Sex was important in explaining patch fidelity in omao only, with males showing higher patch fidelity. Our results provide new insights into how these native Hawaiian species will respond to a changing environment, including habitat fragmentation and changing distribution of threats from climate change.
- 出版日期2017-7
