Atmospheric movies acquired at the Mars Science Laboratory landing site: Cloud morphology, frequency and significance to the Gale Crater water cycle and Phoenix mission results

作者：Moores John E^*; Lemmon Mark T; Rafkin Scot C R; Francis Raymond; Pla Garcia Jorge; Juarez Manuel de la Torre; Bean Keri; Kass David; Haberle Robert; Newman Claire; Mischna Michael; Vasavada Ashwin; Renno Nilton; Bell Jim; Calef Fred; Cantor Bruce; Mcconnochie Timothy H; Harri Ari Matti; Genzer Maria; Wong Michael; Smith Michael D; Javier Martin Torres F; Zorzano Maria Paz; Kemppinen Osku; McCullough Emily

来源：Advances in Space Research, 2015, 55(9): 2217-2238.

DOI：10.1016/j.asr.2015.02.007

• Mars
• Clouds
• Atmospheric dynamics
• Water cycle

We report on the first 360 sols (L-s 150 degrees to 5 degrees), representing just over half a Martian year, of atmospheric monitoring movies acquired using the NavCam imager from the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Rover Curiosity. Such movies reveal faint clouds that are difficult to discern in single images. The data set acquired was divided into two different classifications depending upon the orientation and intent of the observation. Up to sol 360, 73 Zenith movies and 79 Supra-Horizon movies have been acquired and time-variable features could be discerned in 25 of each. The data set from MSL is compared to similar observations made by the Surface Stereo Imager (SSI) onboard the Phoenix Lander and suggests a much drier environment at Gale Crater (4.6 degrees S) during this season than was observed in Green Valley (68.2 degrees N) as would be expected based on latitude and the global water cycle. The optical depth of the variable component of clouds seen in images with features are up to 0.047 +/- 0.009 with a granularity to the features observed which averages 3.8 degrees. MCS also observes clouds during the same period of comparable optical depth at 30 and 50 km that would suggest a cloud spacing of 2.0 to 3.3 km. Multiple motions visible in atmospheric movies support the presence of two distinct layers of clouds. At Gale Crater, these clouds are likely caused by atmospheric waves given the regular spacing of features observed in many Zenith movies and decreased spacing towards the horizon in sunset movies consistent with clouds forming at a constant elevation. Reanalysis of Phoenix data in the light of the NavCam equatorial dataset suggests that clouds may have been more frequent in the earlier portion of the Phoenix mission than was previously thought.

• 出版日期2015-5-1