科研之友
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摘要
Much is known about sport officials%26apos; decisions (e. g., anticipation, visual search, and prior experience). Comprehension of the entire decision process, however, requires an ecologically valid examination. To address this, we implemented a 2-part study using an expertise paradigm with ice hockey referees. Purpose: Study 1 explored the strategies referees indicated they used to make decisions. For Study 2, we sought to confirm the emergent codes of Study 1 and further examine referee expertise and evaluations of decision making. Method: In Study 1, 2 elite, 2 intermediate, and 2 novice referees wore helmet cameras for 1 game and participated in stimulated recall interviews, which were coded using theoretical and focused codes. Study 2 involved focus groups that each watched and commented on 2 helmet camera videotapes from Study 1; 1 videotape consisted of an elite referee%26apos;s game and the other included an intermediate referee%26apos;s game. The focus-group data were analyzed using the same coding structure from Study 1. Results: Combined, 3 distinct theoretical codes were identified: (a) primary referee strategies, (b) secondary referee strategies, and (c) cognitive and situational influences on refereeing. Study 1 showed that elite referees demonstrated more sophisticated knowledge of the 3 theoretical codes. In Study 2, elite referees demonstrated enhanced declarative knowledge compared with intermediate and novice participants. Conclusions: Elite referees have more elaborate knowledge bases than do nonelite referees. In the discussion, we explain our results and link them with the action plan profiles framework.
- 出版日期2014-9
