科研之友
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摘要
When two isolated systems are brought into contact, they relax to equilibrium via energy exchange. In another setting, when one of the systems is driven and the other is large, the first system reaches a steady state which is not described by the Gibbs distribution. Here, we derive expressions for the size of energy fluctuations as a function of time in both settings, assuming that the process is composed of many small steps of energy exchange. In both cases, the results depend only on the average energy flows in the system and the density of states, independent of any other microscopic detail. In the steady state, we also derive an expression relating three key properties: the relaxation time of the system, the energy injection rate and the size of the fluctuations. The framework is modular and allows generalizations to other setups, such as a system coupled to two baths at different temperatures.
- 出版日期2013-3-8
