Sex Differences in Stress Effects on Emotional Learning

作者：Merz Christian J; Wolf Oliver T

来源：Journal of Neuroscience Research, 2017, 95(1-2): 93-105.

DOI：10.1002/jnr.23811

• cortisol
• extinction
• fear conditioning
• glucocorticoids
• hormonal contraceptives
• memory retrieval

Stress influences emotional learning and memory processes. These effects are thought to underlie stress-associated mental disorders. Sex differences in stress reactivity and in central nervous system stress sensitivity illustrate the important modulatory role of sex hormones. This Review outlines how stress hormones influence different stages of the fear conditioning process, such as fear acquisition, extinction, and retrieval. Results will be compared with findings on the impact of stress on episodic memory. The focus is on the available human data on sex differences and the impact sex hormones have on the stress effects on emotional learning and memory. It will become apparent that the menstrual cycle but also the intake of hormonal contraceptives modulates the impact of stress on brain and behavior. Additional basic research is needed for a deeper insight regarding the interplay between stress and sex hormones in emotion and cognition. In addition, new treatment options might be derived to optimize existing strategies such as exposure therapy, which relies on the principles of fear conditioning.

• 出版日期2017-2