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摘要
We measured NH(3) emissions from litter in broiler houses, during storage, and after land application and conducted a mass balance of N in poultry houses. Four state-of-the-art tunnel-ventilated broiler houses in northwest Arkansas were equipped with NH(3) sensors, anemometers, and data loggers to continuously record NH(3) concentrations and ventilation for 1 yr. Gaseous fluxes of NH(3), N(2)O, CH(4), and CO(2) from litter were measured. Nitrogen (N) inputs and outputs were quantified. Ammonia emissions during storage and after land application were measured. Ammonia emissions during the flock averaged approximately 15.2 kg per day-house (equivalent to 28.3 g NH(3) per bird marketed). Emissions between flocks equaled 9.09 g NH(3) per bird. Hence, in-house NH(3) emissions were 37.5 g NH(3) per bird, or 14.5 g kg(-1) bird marketed (50-d-old birds). The mass balance study showed N inputs for the year to the four houses totaled 71,340 kg N, with inputs from bedding, chicks, and feed equal to 303, 602, and 70,435 kg, respectively (equivalent to 0.60, 1.19, and 139.56 g N per bird). Nitrogen outputs totaled 70,396 kg N. Annual N output from birds marketed, NH(3) emissions, litter or cake, mortality, and N(2)O emissions was 39,485, 15,571, 14,464, 635, and 241 kg N, respectively (equivalent to 78.2, 30.8, 28.7, 1.3, and 0.5 g N per bird). The percent N recovery for the N mass balance study was 98.8%. Ammonia emissions from stacked litter during a 16-d storage period were 172 g Mg(-1) litter, which is equivalent to 0.18 g NH(3) per bird. Ammonia losses from poultry litter broadcast to pastures were 34 kg N ha(-1) (equivalent to 15% of total N applied or 7.91 g NH(3) per bird). When the litter was incorporated into the pasture using a new knifing technique, NH(3) losses were virtually zero. The total NH(3) emission factor for broilers measured in this study, which includes losses in-house, during storage, and after land application, was 45.6 g NH(3) per bird marketed.
- 出版日期2011-9
