Atomic resolution experimental phase information reveals extensive disorder and bound 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol in Ca2+-calmodulin

作者：Lin Jiusheng; van den Bedem Henry; Brunger Axel T; Wilson Mark A^*

来源：Acta Crystallographica Section D-Structural Biology, 2016, 72(1): 83-92.

DOI：10.1107/S2059798315021609

• experimental phases
• disorder
• qFit
• density modification

Calmodulin (CaM) is the primary calcium signaling protein in eukaryotes and has been extensively studied using various biophysical techniques. Prior crystal structures have noted the presence of ambiguous electron density in both hydrophobic binding pockets of Ca2+ 2+-CaM, but no assignment of these features has been made. In addition, Ca2+ 2+-CaM samples many conformational substates in the crystal and accurately modeling the full range of this functionally important disorder is challenging. In order to characterize these features in a minimally biased manner, a 1.0 angstrom resolution single-wavelength anomalous diffraction data set was measured for selenomethionine-substituted Ca2+ 2+-CaM. Density-modified electron-density maps enabled the accurate assignment of Ca2+ 2+-CaM main-chain and side-chain disorder. These experimental maps also substantiate complex disorder models that were automatically built using low-contour features of model-phased electron density. Furthermore, experimental electron-density maps reveal that 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol (MPD) is present in the C-terminal domain, mediates a lattice contact between N-terminal domains and may occupy the N-terminal binding pocket. The majority of the crystal structures of target-free Ca2+ 2+-CaM have been derived from crystals grown using MPD as a precipitant, and thus MPD is likely to be bound in functionally critical regions of Ca2+ 2+-CaM in most of these structures. The adventitious binding of MPD helps to explain differences between the Ca2+ 2+-CaM crystal and solution structures and is likely to favor more open conformations of the EF-hands in the crystal.

• 出版日期2016-1