科研之友
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摘要
Context. Observations of dense molecular gas lie at the basis of our understanding of the density and temperature structure of proto-stellar envelopes and molecular outflows. The Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) opens up the study of southern (Dec < -35 degrees) protostars. Aims. We aim to characterize the properties of the protostellar envelope, molecular outflow and surrounding cloud, through observations of high excitation molecular lines within a sample of 16 southern sources presumed to be embedded YSOs, including the most luminous Class I objects in Corona Australis and Chamaeleon. Methods. Observations of submillimeter lines of CO, HCO(+) and their isotopologues, both single spectra and small maps (up to 80 '' x 80 ''), were taken with the FLASH and APEX-2a instruments mounted on APEX to trace the gas around the sources. The HARP-B instrument on the JCMT was used to map IRAS 15398-3359 in these lines. HCO(+) mapping probes the presence of dense centrally condensed gas, a characteristic of protostellar envelopes. The rare isotopologues C(18)O and H(13)CO(+) are also included to determine the optical depth, column density, and source velocity. The combination of multiple CO transitions, such as 3-2, 4-3 and 7-6, allows to constrain outflow properties, in particular the temperature. Archival submillimeter continuum data are used to determine envelope masses. Results. Eleven of the sixteen sources have associated warm and/or dense (>= 10(6) cm(-3)) quiescent gas characteristic of protostellar envelopes, or an associated outflow. Using the strength and degree of concentration of the HCO(+) 4-3 and CO 4-3 lines as a diagnostic, five sources classified as Class I based on their spectral energy distributions are found not to be embedded YSOs. The C(18)O 3-2 lines show that for none of the sources, foreground cloud layers are present. Strong molecular outflows are found around six sources, with outflow forces an order of magnitude higher than for previously studied Class I sources of similar luminosity. Conclusions. This study provides a starting point for future ALMA and Herschel surveys by identifying truly embedded southern YSOs and determining their larger scale envelope and outflow characteristics.
- 出版日期2009-12
