A New Look at Cytoskeletal NOS-1 and beta-Dystroglycan Changes in Developing Muscle and Brain in Control and mdx Dystrophic Mice

作者：Janke Alyssa; Upadhaya Ritika; Snow Wanda M; Anderson Judy E^*

来源：Developmental Dynamics, 2013, 242(12): 1369-1381.

DOI：10.1002/dvdy.24031

• diaphragm
• quadriceps
• central nucleation
• forebrain
• Purkinje neurons

Background: Loss of dystrophin profoundly affects muscle function and cognition. Changes in the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) including disruption of nitric oxide synthase (NOS-1) may result from loss of dystrophin or secondarily after muscle damage. Disruptions in NOS-1 and beta-dystroglycan (bDG) were examined in developing diaphragm, quadriceps, and two brain regions between control and mdx mice at embryonic day E18 and postnatal days P1, P10, and P28. Age-dependent differential muscle loading allowed us to test the hypothesis that DGC changes are dependent on muscle use. Results: Muscle development, including loss of central nucleation and the localization of NOS-1 and bDG, was earlier in diaphragm than quadriceps; these features were differentially disrupted in dystrophic muscles. The NOS-1/bDG ratio, an index of DGC stability, was higher in dystrophic diaphragm (P10-P28) and quadriceps (P28) than controls. There were also distinct regional differences in NOS-1 and bDG in brain tissues with age and strain. NOS-1 increased with age in control forebrain and cerebellum, and in mdx cerebellum; NOS-1 and bDG were higher in control than mdx mouse forebrain. Conclusions: Important developmental changes in structure and muscle DGC preceded the hallmarks of dystrophy, and are consistent with the impact of muscle-specific differential loading during maturation.

• 出版日期2013-12