科研之友
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摘要
The forensic application of hemogenetic markers became possible after the discovery of human blood groups in 1901. The foundation for their use in kinship analysis was laid by Emil von Dungern and Ludwig Hirschfeld in 1910 by clarification of the inheritance of the AB0 blood groups. Up to the middle of the twentieth century further red cell membrane systems were discovered and from 1955 genetic polymorphisms in serum proteins were described. In the next years followed the complex HLA system and polymorphisms in erythrocyte enzymes. Therefore, from the 1980s it was possible to clarify the majority of kinship cases by testing a combination of conventional markers. Since 1990 the conventional markers have been gradually replaced by the more effective DNA markers. Simultaneous typing shifted from the phenotype level to the genotype level. Hand in hand with the scientific progress the legal situation also changed particularly in the form of the official guidelines for kinship investigations.
- 出版日期2013-10
