The positive impact of general vitamin D food fortification policy on vitamin D status in a representative adult Finnish population: evidence from an 11-y follow-up based on standardized 25-hydroxyvitamin D data

作者：Jaaskelainen Tuija; Itkonen Suvi T; Lundqvist Annamari; Erkkola Maijaliisa; Koskela Tapani; Lakkala Kaisa; Dowling Kirsten G; Hull George L J; Kroger Heikki; Karppinen Jaro; Kyllonen Eero; Harkanen Tommi; Cashman Kevin D; Mannisto Satu; Lamberg Allardt Christel^*

来源：American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2017, 105(6): 1512-1520.

DOI：10.3945/ajcn.116.151415

• 25-hydroxyvitaminD
• general fortification
• standardization
• vitamin D
• population survey

Background: A systematic vitamin D fortification of fluid milk products and fat spreads was started in 2003 in Finland to improve vitamin D status.
Objective: We investigated the effects of the vitamin D fortification policy on vitamin D status in Finland between 2000 and 2011.
Design: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [S-25(OH) D] concentrations of a nationally representative sample comprising 6134 and 4051 adults aged >= 30 y from the Health 2000 and Health 2011 surveys, respectively, were standardized according to the Vitamin D Standardization Program with the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Linear and logistic regression models were used to assess the change in S-25(OH) D concentrations.
Results: Between 2000 and 2011, the mean S-25(OH) D increased from 48 nmol/L (95% CI: 47, 48 nmol/L) to 65 nmol/L (95% CI: 65, 66 nmol/L) (P < 0.001). The prevalence of vitamin D supplement users increased from 11% to 41% (P < 0.001). When analyzing the effect of fortification of fluid milk products, we focused on supplement nonusers. The mean increase in S-25(OH) D in daily fluid milk consumers (n = 1017) among supplement nonusers was 20 nmol/L (95% CI: 19, 21 nmol/L), which was 6 nmol/L higher than nonconsumers (n = 229) (14 nmol/L; 95% CI: 12, 16 nmol/L) (P < 0.001). In total, 91% of nonusers who consumed fluid milk products, fat spreads, and fish based on Finnish nutrition recommendations reached S-25(OH) D concentrations >50 nmol/L in 2011.
Conclusions: The vitamin D status of the Finnish adult population has improved considerably during the time period studied. The increase is mainly explained by food fortification, especially of fluid milk products, and augmented vitamin D supplement use. Other factors, such as the difference in the ultraviolet radiation index between 2000 and 2011, may partly explain the results. When consuming vitamin D sources based on the nutritional recommendations, vitamin D status is sufficient [S-25(OH) D >= 50 nmol/L], and supplementation is generally not needed.

• 出版日期2017-6-1