Atmospheric PCDD/F concentration and source apportionment in typical rural, Agent Orange hotspots, and industrial areas in Vietnam

作者：Ngo Tuan Hung; To Thi Hien; Ngo Thi Thuan; Nguyen Hung Minh; Chi Kai Hsien^*

来源：Chemosphere, 2017, 182: 647-655.

DOI：10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.050

• Dioxin
• Ambient air
• Vietnam
• Agent Orange
• Principal Component Analysis
• Positive Matrix Factorization

Vietnam has a double burden of dioxin from both industrial sources and historical sources. To evaluate the concentration of PCDD/Fs in ambient air in different areas of Vietnam and their possible sources, atmospheric samples were collected from three areas namely Son La (rural area) and Da Nang (harbor - Agent Orange hotspot area), and Ho Chi Minh City (metropolitan - industrial city). Vapor and solid phases of PCDD/Fs were collected and analyzed following the TO-9A sampling method. Principal Component Analysis and Positive Matrix Factorization model were applied to characterize the possible source. The average concentrations of PCDD/Fs were found to be 21.3 +/- 13 fg I-TEQ/m(3) in Son La (n = 32), 65.2 +/- 34 fg I-TEQ/m(3) in Da Nang (n =16) and 139 +/- 84 fg I-TEQ/m(3) in Ho Chi Minh City (n = 8). The findings of this study targeted open burning (42%) and biomass burning (51%) as the major emission sources of PCDD/Fs in ambient air of Son La, Vietnam. Major possible sources of PCDD/Fs in Da Nang could be transportation activities (64%), however, the other factor (36%) was suspected to be contaminated with 2,3,7,8-TeCDD from Agent Orange. Most of PCDD/Fs emitted in Ho Chi Minh City related to industrial activities (93%).

• 出版日期2017-9