科研之友
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摘要
The collapse of dense cores with metallicities 0-1 Z(circle dot) is studied by hydrodynamical calculations coupled with detailed chemical and radiative processes. For this purpose, we construct a simple chemical network with non-equilibrium reactions among 15 chemical species, H(+), e, H, H(2), D(+), D, HD, C(+), C, CO, CO(2), O, OH, H(2)O, and O(2), which reproduces the abundance of important molecular coolants given by a more detailed network very well. Starting from the initial density of 10(4) cm(-3), the evolution is followed until the formation of a hydrostatic protostar at the center similar to 10(21) cm(-3). In a lower-metallicity gas cloud, the temperature during the collapse remains high owing to less efficient cooling. After the cloud core becomes optically thick to the thermal emission by dust, temperature evolution at the center converges to a single trajectory, except for cases with metallicity <= 10(-6) Z(circle dot), where the temperature remains slightly higher than in higher-metallicity cases even after becoming optically thick to thermal radiation by the H(2) collision-induced emission. The protostellar masses at their formation are a few 10(-3) M(circle dot), being slightly higher for cases with <= 10(-6) Z(circle dot). Using the temperature evolution at the center as a function the density, we discuss the possibility of fragmentation during the dust-cooling phase. The critical metallicity for the fragmentation is 10(-5) Z(circle dot) assuming moderate elongation of the cloud cores at the onset of this phase. From the density and velocity distributions at the time of protostar formation, we evaluate the mass accretion rate in the subsequent accretion phase. The accretion rate is larger than the Shu accretion rate for the inside-out collapse from an initially static cloud similar or equal to c(s)(3)/G, where c(s) is the sound speed in the prestellar gas, by about a factor of 10 owing to more dynamical nature of the collapse. Using these accretion rates, we also calculate the evolution of the protostars under the assumption of stationary accretion flow. For >= 10(-4) Z(circle dot), we succeed in following their evolution well after the arrival to the main-sequence phase. For lower-metallicity cases, however, owing to too high accretion rates greater than or similar to a few 10(-3) M(circle dot) yr(-1), the total luminosity, which consists of contribution from accretion and internal luminosity, reaches the Eddington limit, thereby rendering the stationary accretion impossible for greater than or similar to 100 M(circle dot). Finally, we discuss the possible suppression of fragmentation by heating of the ambient gas by protostellar radiation, which is considered important in the contemporary star formation. We argue that it is negligible for <10(-2) Z(circle dot).
- 出版日期2010-10-20
- 单位中国科学院国家天文台
