A Biomarker Validation Study of Prenatal Chlorpyrifos Exposure within an Inner-City Cohort during Pregnancy

作者：Whyatt Robin M^*; Garfinkel Robin; Hoepner Lori A; Andrews Howard; Holmes Darrell; Williams Megan K; Reyes Andria; Diaz Diurka; Perera Frederica P; Camann David E; Barr Dana B

来源：Environmental Health Perspectives, 2009, 117(4): 559-567.

DOI：10.1289/ehp.0800041

• biomarkers
• chlorpyrifos
• cord blood
• indoor air
• maternal blood
• meconium
• pregnancy
• urine

BACKGROUND: We previously documented significant decreases in chlorpyrifos concentrations in maternal personal and indoor air samples among pregnant African-American and Dominican women from New York City after the 2000-2001 restrictions on its residential use.
OBJECTIVE: We undertook a biomarker validation study within the same cohort to evaluate trends over time in multiple biomarkers of prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure.
METHODS: Subjects were enrolled between February 2001 and May 2004 (n = 102). We measured 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) in postpartum meconium (n = 83), repeat prenatal maternal spot urine samples (n = 253), and postnatal urine from the mothers (n = 73) and newborns (n = 59). We measured chlorpyrifos in postnatal maternal (n = 92) and umbilical cord (n = 65) blood.
RESULTS: We did not detect TCPy in infant urine, but all other biomarkers showed a highly significant decrease in detection frequencies (chi(2) = 7.8-34.0, p <= 0.005) and mean ranks (p <= 0.006, Kruskal-Wallis) among subjects enrolled in 2003-2004 compared with those enrolled in 2001-2002. Chlorpyrifos in maternal personal and indoor air declined 2- to 3-fold over the same period (P < 0.05). In 2001-2002 samples, TCPy levels in repeat prenatal urine were positively correlated (r = 0.23-0-56), but within-subject variability exceeded between-subject variability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.43); indoor air levels explained 19% of the variance in prenatal urine TCPy (p = 0.001). Meconium TCPy concentrations were positively correlated with chlorpyrifos in maternal and cord blood (r = 0.25-0.33, p < 0.05) and with TCPy in maternal urine (r = 0.31, p < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest the biomarkers are reliable dosimeters to differentiate between groups with prenatal chlorpyrifos exposures varying by a factor of 2 or more and vividly illustrate the efficacy of residential restriction on chlorpyrifos to reduce the internal dose during pregnancy.

• 出版日期2009-4