Wilderness Medical Society Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite: 2014 Update

作者：McIntosh Scott E^*; Opacic Matthew; Freer Luanne; Grissom Colin K; Auerbach Paul S; Rodway George W; Cochran Amalia; Gie**recht Gordon G; McDevitt Marion; Imray Christopher H; Johnson Eric L; Dow Jennifer; Hackett Peter H

来源：Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 2014, 25(4): S43-S54.

DOI：10.1016/j.wem.2014.09.001

• frostbite
• frostbite prevention
• hypothermia
• rewarming
• aloe vera
• thrombolysis

The Wilderness Medical Society convened an expert panel to develop a set of evidence-based guidelines for the prevention and treatment of frostbite. We present a review of pertinent pathophysiology. We then discuss primary and secondary prevention measures and therapeutic management. Recommendations are made regarding each treatment and its role in management. These recommendations are graded on the basis of the quality of supporting evidence and balance between the benefits and risks or burdens for each modality according to methodology stipulated by the American College of Chest Physicians. This is an updated version of the original guidelines published in Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2011;22(2):156-166.

• 出版日期2014